Gandhi, King, and Mandela What Made Non-Violence Work?

In the Twentieth Century, the great leaders Mohandas Gandhi, Nelson Mandela, and Martin Luther King Jr. all used non-violence to bring about change to their respective countries. What made nonresistance work was the charisma of the leaders to persuade the people to not fight back, the peaceful protests, the leaders’ willingness to accept their punishments, and their struggle for unity. In order for non-violence to work, people have to be non-violent. Each of these leaders were so powerful that they convinced even aggressive people to fight by not fighting.In Mandela’s case, he viewed nonresistance as the only way to bring democracy to everyone in South Africa because the government was many times more powerful than the movement (document 3). If Mandela had used violence, his people would have been hopelessly crushed and would remain oppressed. Martin Luther King persuaded all volunteers to give up all possible weapons before going to protest (document 5). He convinced t he volunteers that all they needed to have was the ideology that they were right. Gandhi wrote a letter to Lord Irwin stating that if something is not done about the injustice of the British, he would lead a protest on the Salt Laws (document 1).Gandhi gathered volunteers and taught the importance of life. Nonresistance worked so well because the peaceful protests gave off such a powerful message. Mandela campaigned for volunteers to not retaliate even when they are being attacked (document 6). He convinced people fighting back would ultimately lead to their failure. King took part in counter sit-ins where black people peacefully protested segregated lunch counters (document 1). The peace of the movement showed how extreme and hateful the majority of white people were at the time. After Gandhi was arrested, one Englishman documented Mme. Naidu leading a peaceful protest that lead to hundreds of people getting beat without flinching a muscle (document 4).The cruelty was so great that even the Englishman had to turn away from the gross and sickening display. One of the key factors that made non-violence work was that the leaders openly accepted their punishments. Gandhi did not hesitate to go to jail, where he spent 2,338 days total (document 7). King noted that people rushed down to the police station to be arrested in the Montgomery bus boycott (document 8). He himself was arrested 37 times and jailed 14 times. Nelson Mandela discussed with other officials what would happen if they received the death sentence (document 9). He was prepared to  die knowing that he would inspire more people to fight for democracy.Finally, non-violence worked because the leaders all made an effort to unify their country. After the British became more violent, Gandhi tried to appease the British by protesting with peace (document 10). Salt on the Lion’s tail represents Gandhi’s effort to pacify the British. Martin Luther King addressed in his speech that he would li ke to see white and black people integrate together without hatred (document 11). In this perspective, King is a hero for all of America by unifying it regardless of skin color. Mandela discovered in prison that he wanted freedom for all people in South Africa (document 12).When both sides stand together, everyone wins in the battle for democracy. Mohandas Gandhi, Nelson Mandela, and Martin Luther King Jr. are all incredible people who stood up for social equality. Through non-violent ways, they lead the world to become a greater place. They all persuaded their people to peacefully protest and to not resist their attackers. They all also sacrificed to unify their country and gladly suffered the consequences of doing so.

Business Plan Essay

The executive summary will end with a summary statement, a â€Å"last kick at the can† sentence or two designed to persuade the readers of your business plan that your business is a winner. While the business plan’s executive summary is the first thing the readers of your business plan see, it should be the last part of the business plan you write. The purpose of the executive summary of the business plan is to provide your readers with an overview of the business plan. Think of it as an introduction to your business. Therefore, your business plan’s executive summary will include summaries of: †¢ a description of your company, including your products and/or services †¢ your mission statement †¢ your business’s management †¢ the market and your customer †¢ marketing and sales †¢ your competition †¢ your business’s operations †¢ financial projections and plans The executive summary will end with a summary statement, a â€Å"last kick at the can† sentence or two designed to persuade the readers of your business plan that your business is a winner. How to write an Executive Summary To write the executive summary of the business plan, start by following the list above and writing one to three sentences about each topic. (No more!) If you have trouble crafting these summary sentences from scratch, review your business plan to get you going. In fact, one approach to writing the executive summary of the business plan is to take a summary sentence or two from each of the business plan sections you’ve already written. (If you compare the list above to the sections outlined in the Business Plan Outline, you’ll see that this could work very well.) Then finish your business plan’s executive summary with a clinching closing sentence or two that answers the reader’s question â€Å"Why is this a winning business?† For example, a business plan’s executive summary for a pet-sitting business might conclude: â€Å"The loving on-site professional care that Pet Grandma will provide is sure to appeal to both cat and dog owners throughout the West Vancouver area.† (You may find it useful to read the entire Pet Grandma executive summary example before you write your own.) Tips for Writing the Business Plan’s Executive Summary †¢ Focus on providing a summary. The business plan itself will provide the details and whether bank managers or investors, the readers of your business plan don’t want to have their time wasted. †¢ Keep your language strong and positive. Don’t weaken the executive summary of your business plan with weak language. Instead of writing, â€Å"Dogstar Industries might be in an excellent position to win government contracts†, write â€Å"Dogstar Industries will be in an excellent position†¦Ã¢â‚¬  †¢ The executive summary should be no more than two pages long. Resist the tempation to pad your business plan’s executive summary with details (or pleas). The job of the executive summary is to present the facts and entice your reader to read the rest of the business plan, not tell him everything. †¢ Polish your executive summary. Read it aloud. Does it flow or does it sound choppy? Is it clear and succinct? Once it sounds good to you, have someone else who knows nothing about your business read it and make suggestions for improvement. †¢ Tailor the executive summary of your business plan to your audience. If the purpose of your business plan is to entice investors, for instance, your executive summary should focus on the opportunity your business provides investors and why the opportunity is special. †¢ Put yourself in your readers’ place†¦ and read your executive summary again. Does this executive summary generate interest or excitement in the reader? If not, why? Remember, the executive summary of the business plan will be the first thing the readers of the business plan read. If your business plan’s executive summary is poorly written, it will also be the last, as they set the rest of your business plan aside unread! †¢ a description of your company, including your products and/or services Bordeaux Wine Trading is a Wine trading company based in Bordeaux, France with a wide network of Bordeaux Wine distribution and export all over the world. Bordeaux Wine is a premium brand with unique pleasing taste. †¢ your mission statement The purpose of our company is to create awareness and increase demand, establishing a successful business for the export and distribution of Bordeaux French wine. †¢ your business’s management Bordeaux Wine Trading is planning to export and distribute Bordeaux Wine in Brazil. Brazil is one of the emerging economies of the world with great opportunities of business development. †¢ the market and your customer In Brazil, Bordeaux Wine Trading’s main focus is upper and aspiring middle class of Sao Paulo and Rio De Jinero. †¢ marketing and sales Bordeaux Wine Trading is looking to have some local licensed distributor for the distribution purpose. †¢ your competition †¢ your business’s operations †¢ financial projections and plans Mission Statement; The purpose of our organization is to create awareness and increase demand, establishing a successful business for the export and distribution of Bordeaux French wine into Brazil. Corporate position; A well established French organisation that successfully distributes and trades Bordeaux wine globally. Objective in Brazil; We expect to invest over a three year period, building sales of over 2 million USD per year by our third year of operation, maintaining an average of 20-25% Gross margin. This is a one page synopsis of your plan, including a description of product, target market and positioning of product within the target market. Note the specific competitive advantage(s) of your product and the value it provides to the customer. Include your marketing objectives for the first year and the overall size of the marketing budget you are requesting. ⠝â€" EXECUTIVE SUMMARY We are interested in export and distribution of Bordeaux Wine in Brazil. Brazil is one of the emerging economies of the world with great opportunities of business development. We have found attractive market of Wine users in Brazil. Our target market will be upper and aspiring middle class of Sao Paulo and Rio De Jeniro. Brazil is currently 34m case market, with a per head consumption of 2 liters. Brazilian-produced wine – most of it red – tends to have sweeter profile than in other producing nations. In competition with it, we have finest wine from Bordeaux. In Brazil, there is also wine from other wine producing countries like Italy, Chile, Argentina and Portugal. But our competitive advantage is that the Brazilian people have awareness about Bordeaux Wine but not available in market in a frequent manner. In Rio 47% and in Sao Paulo 26% of awareness which is quite appealing for market entry. Brazil’s 80% wine market is captured by Red wine and also White wine market got the growth of 9% between 2003 to 2007 which is still growing. Initially, we will make some wine tasting events with the help of local distributor during festivals especially in Rio Carnival. We will participate in world largest Food and Beverages exhibition, SIAL in 2012, Sao Paulo. We will publish the advertisement in major newspapers and magazines.

Analyzing Paul Cezannes Post Impressionistic Painting Still Life With A Curtain

Analyzing Paul Cezanne's Post Impressionistic Painting Still Life With A Curtain Final Paper Instead of being interested in the lighting and phenomenon of color, post impressionists move towards bright colors and sharp edges. The artists of the post impressionistic period chose not to work together because there work focused on what they each individually felt including theories, goals, and views of the world. I chose Paul Cezannes painting entitled Still Life With a Curtain, an oil on canvas that some consider one of his best and most influential still lives. When you look at this painting, I first notice the preservation and display of the bright colors, specifically the oranges and the flower pot. Even the off white table cloth which appears to be filthy contrasts with the other colors to make them seem even brighter. Paul Cezanne was a french artist and post impressionist painter who helped transition to a new world of art in the 20th century. His brushstrokes are highly recognizable in the art world as was moving to explore new methods. Many artists take Cezannes final twenty years of his life being spent in the south of France as an inspiration, as if he gave everything up in the name of art. Van Gogh, Cezanne, Gaugine and vuillard are some of my personal favorite Post Impressionistic painters. I have chosen to write about Cezanne because I like the way he analyzes nature. Cezanne was never into the way impressionists tried to mimic the specific look and feel of nature, instead he was interested in still lifes. You can see is his later watercolors and landscapes the pattern of his brushstrokes always overlapping. This was a precursor to cubism. He insisted on personal expression through his art, which was a major part of the post impressionistic movement. He believed that there was a hidden ord er in nature and it could be displayed in a non traditional way, such as with a simple painting of fruit and a flower pot on a slanted table. Although his paintings remained to be abstract, you can still easily recognize the objects in them. Although Cezannes piece Still Life With A Curtain and Van Goghs Starry Night seem to be very different from each other, they are from the same post impressionist period. Both pieces of art contain sharp edges, the use of bright colors, and a personal touch from the artist. Below, I have placed a picture of Van Goghs Starry Night alongside Cezannes painting. Both Cezanne and Van Gogh worked with unique styles to show there own interests through their artwork. For example, you can sense Van Goghs love of religion and nature through his painting of Starry Night by the emotional swirls in the sky and by the size of the stars. When we see stars at night they are not that large, but Van Gogh evokes his emotions and love for the stars through the sheer size he paints them. We see them as tiny spots in the sky, but he views them as massive beautiful swirls of light. Invoking personal interests is an important part of post impressionism. Cezanne wanted to re-create the world in the way he see s it through his art, and he did this through his use of bright colors to give his the fruit in his painting a more round shape. Both artists took an interest in the Provencal countryside. In both these paintings, I believe Cezanne and Van Gogh are attempting to show what they believe to be the hidden order of nature. They abandon the illusionist views of background and foreground and instead create there own idea of pictorial space. Although the paintings are seen as abstract, you can still clearly pick out the objects in the scenes. For example, you can clearly see that those are stars and a church in Van Goghs Starry Night, and at the same time you can see that Cezanne is painting fruit on the table. He is the father of modern art and lead the way for artists like Picasso to come along and flatten the picture plane out, which is what modernism is for many people, the move toward abstraction and flatness in a picture plane. He was interested in sacrificing illusionist flatness for a psychological depth. The paintings show a clear picture of C?zannes intense study of his subjects because of the great detail he goes into, but also his inner struggle with complicated field of human visual perception. Both artists are great examples of post impressionism and its move towards Cubism.

A Honduran Immigrant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Honduran Immigrant - Essay Example American immigration policy is unfair as it often leads to the separation of families on a long-term basis.Enrique begs for his mother to come back. The following is a sound description of the despair many separated families have to endure;â€Å"Without her, he becomes lonely and troubled. When she calls, Lourdes tells him to be patient. Enrique despairs of ever seeing her again.† Nazario uses her book to contend that whilst illegal immigrants believe that they will only be temporarily separated from their loved ones reality is less appealing for them;â€Å"Enrique sets off alone from Tegucigalpa, with little more than a slip of paper bearing his mother’s North Carolina telephone number.Enrique like many thousands of his contemporaries are faced with the choice of enduring continued separation, or making a dangerous trip to the United States; Enrique pushes forward using his wit, courage, and hope–and the kindness of strangers. The restrictive immigration policy followed by the United States is arguably dangerous to the families and the individuals that wish to enter the country illegally via the borders with Canada as well as Mexico. For illegal immigrants from a Hispanic background, the general preference is to illegally enter the country from Mexico. Thus, in conclusion, the restrictive immigration policy followed by the United States is arguably dangerous to the families and the individuals that wish to enter the country illegally via the borders with Canada as well as Mexico. For illegal immigrants from a Hispanic background, the general preference is to illegally enter the country from Mexico. Contemporary critics of the present United States immigration policy argue that it is far too restrictive, as well as being unfair. American immigration policy is considered unfair as it often leads to the separation of families upon a long-term basis, whilst not preventing illegal immigration anyway.

SWOT analysis on Apple company Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

SWOT analysis on Apple company - Research Paper Example SWOT Analysis Strength Apple has been known for its innovation strategy and is one of the most successful companies. The company is known for its innovation, its unique ability to design and develop the company’s operating systems. The strength of the company lies in providing the customers with new product and solutions with a superior ease of use. The company investment in the research and development along with marketing and advertisement also adds on to the list of its strength (Apple Inc.-a, 2011, p.1). The company products are in high demand for example, sale of iPod increased and about 100 million iPods were sold making it the fastest selling music player in history (Apple Inc.-b, 2011). The sale of its notebooks products are also very strong and represent a huge contribution to Apple’s income. Apple is one of the most influential and established brand in the world and thus has a set of loyal customers who advocates the brand. The brand not only attracts new cust omers but also retains them. Weaknesses It was reported that Apple iPod Nano had faulty screen. Apple has admitted that there was problem with its new iPod Nano due to a manufacturing problem. The company claims that this problem has affected less than a 10th of 1% of all the Nanos shipped (BBC News, 2005). The music industry have demanded to increase the price of its music downloaded file as many of the music industry makes money from iTunes rather than from the sales of the original CDs. According to Steve Jobs, Apple has made a sale of more than half a billion songs with its iTune Music store capturing about 82% of the market share in US (Cohen & MacCentral, 2005). The product life cycle of the products of Apple is very short and thus revenues depend on the launch of new products and services. Market share of Apple is behind from its competitors such as Microsoft. Opportunities As more and more consumers are getting individualistic and conscious about a brand, Apple’s oppo rtunity is to target those set of consumers. Apple can introduce more new models to cater to the needs of its customers. Apple has an opportunity to develop its iTunes into mobile phone format. Downloads could be available through USB cables, new technology and strategic alliances which would offer a wide opportunities for Apple. The music can be downloaded from Podcasts and played on the iPods where the listener can subscribe for free and revenue can be generated from sales of various other downloads. Another opportunity lies with Apple is with the company’s smart phones. At present Samsung has outshines Apple smart phone thus giving an opportunity to Apple to come up with new features and capture the market share (Whitney, 2011). Since the PC and mobile industry is growing at a steady rate, thus Apple being one of the successful brands has a wide opportunity to explore and expand itself into other countries such as into Asia. There has been an increase in the demand for onl ine music and other applications such as the cloud making a room for Apple to expand into these sectors and generate high revenue. Threats The biggest threat for Apple comes from the high level of competition from the technology markets. A successful market attracts competitors and Apple works hard on its Research and Development and in its marketing tool to retain its competitive position. The popularity of

Biodegradability of polymers Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Biodegradability of polymers - Term Paper Example The degradable products are biogas, carbon dioxide and methane. Natural polymers such as polysaccharides, proteins and nucleic acid are degraded by hydrolysis and oxidation. Biodegradation can occur aerobically and anaerobically depending on the availability of oxygen. Chemical structure, physical properties, molecular weight, porosity, elasticity and morphology are responsible for a material’s biodegradation. Compounds which can be biodegradable have the power to break down in environments where the material is decomposed by biological processes with the production of water, carbon dioxide and carbon containing soil (Leja and Lewandowicz 256). There are various tests which can be performed to assess the biodegradability of polymers. The tests performed can be simple or complex depending on their duration of action. Simple tests are rapid and complex ones are slow. The test methods that are practiced are different. Plate testing method is a simple method used as an initial test. The polymer that is to be tested is set on a mineral salt agar accompanied with some carbon for fungal growth to start. Then the sample is inoculated by fungi such as Aspergillusniger. The level of biodegradability is measured by loss of dry weight and surface colonization. Another method for assessment is the enzyme test. In this method specific enzymes are used to catalyze polymers such as starch-blended polymers. The polymer of choice is inserted into an enzyme solution and is incubated. The degree of biodegradability is measured by weight loss of polymer. Another method is when various microbial consortia or groups are identified for various po lymers. This test gives its assessment by showing changes in molecular weight and mechanical properties. Modified sturm test is a simple method in which activated sewage sludge is used. The desired

The effectiveness of SMS,Internet and other advertising for business Essay

The effectiveness of SMS,Internet and other advertising for business incubators - Essay Example This is a relatively new form of advertising, yet one that has already generated a wide range of textual sub-types. (Hughes, 1998) For example, there are simple 'banners' pasted across WebPages advertising a particular service or product; there are whole sites run by specific companies, such as Coca-Cola or Benetton; and there are mailshots that arrive in people's email boxes, in the form of brochures, memos and letters. In addition to these more obvious forms of advertising, there are now, of course, Internet versions of some of the texts such as university prospectuses and church posters (for an example of the latter, go to http://www.bbc.co.uk and click on 'religion'.Although some concern has been expressed that the standard of advertising has been poor on the Internet and that this has damaged the chances of dot-com companies to turn a profit, there is no doubt that Internet texts can be very imaginative because of the resources available to them for interactivity. What follows i s a starting point for thinking about the ways WebPages offer a different kind of read from paper pages. Getting some idea about this will be important in order to assess how online advertising texts might work. (Judge, 1998) WebPages and SMS as Advertising Tools For incubators firms advertising, WebPages are organised very differently from their paper counterparts. In fact, the term 'page' when applied to an Internet text is a metaphor. Electronic texts are not formed of pages at all, but we are encouraged to think in this way because it makes electronic discourse seem familiar and approachable. Electronic texts are a bit like a set of Russian dolls: as you read a screenful of text and click a link, you are taken to a new set of information and new links. You can keep going until all the links run out which, in some cases, will take the reader a long way from their starting point (often called a 'homepage'). This process is sometime referred to as non-linearity: paper texts are described as linear because they are processed line-by-line, while electronic texts can be read in many different ways, with readers jumping between sections of text, between different pages, and between different Internet sites in a non-linear fashion. (Solomon, 1995 ) As will be inferred from reading the above, electronic texts are often seen as offering more opportunity for interactivity than paper texts. Readers can scroll pages in various directions, can click through to new information via links, can stop a page working altogether, and can, in many cases, save and archive a text in their own files. Interactivity works both ways, however: it isn't just about the reader being active, since the availability of certain kinds of electronic tools also allows a webpage to be in motion in the way a paper page can only dream about. Animated graphics allow language and images to dance and sing (provided the computer has a sound card, in the latter case); pictures can dissolve and re-form to show narrative progression of an idea; a question can be asked in the text, then disappear and form itself into an answer. Line drawings and logos can appear to come to life, and the only limits to colour, glitter and other appearances of physicality are

The importance of education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The importance of education - Essay Example The experiences of my life have made me understand the importance of the value of availing the right opportunities at the right time. They have made me realize the importance of education and career in the life of an individual. I did not value the importance of education when I was young and I wasted many important years of my life but with time and age I realized the importance of succeeding in education for the purpose of attaining a secure and bright future. My parents recall that ever since I was a young child, I was very bright and naughty. I used to hide things and throw them just for the purpose of annoying others. After I joined school, I made friends and they were as careless as I was with my studies. I was complained for regularly by the school authorities owing to my mischievous conduct at school. But these complaints did not alter my behavior and habits and I stayed the same. Thus, in grade one I was held back. This did not lead to any improvement. I continued my educati on and I still remember that all my teachers used to tell my parents that I was a very difficult child.

Critical Analysis Forms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Critical Analysis Forms - Essay Example 7 State one argument made by the author. Since businesses need to maximize profits and paying lower wages maximizes the profit, more and more American jobs are being outsourced to other countries where wages are lower. 8 Identify the premises and conclusion of the argument. Premises: Businesses need to maximize profits. Paying lower wages maximizes the profit. Conclusion: More and more American jobs are being outsourced to other countries where wages are lower. 9 Is the author's argument valid or invalid, sound or unsound, strong or weak Explain how you determined this. The argument is weak. While it may be true that paying lower wages can help businesses maximize their profits, there are other factors involved, like the quality of work and the productivity of workers. 10 Does the author use moral reasoning If not, explain how you determined this. Yes. At the end of the article, he implicitly stated that the old days were better in that the government was small, taxes lower and families were more caring towards each other. Source 2 Title and Citation: Outsourcing Does Not Harm America Tim Kane, Brett D. Schaefer, and Alison Acosta Fraser. "Outsourcing Does Not Harm America." At Issue: Does Outsourcing Harm America. Ed. Katherine Read Dunbar. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2006. 1 Identify the principal issue presented by the source. Contrary to popular opinion, outsourcing doesn't harm, but benefits America. 2 Identify any examples of bias presented by the author. If none exist, explain how you determined this. None. Since each point/myth was presented clearly, it was easy to see the reason for each. The writers were able to support each idea with empirical data, not... False dilemma. The writer suggested that Americans have to be economically patriotic and that they should return to the old days when government was small, taxes low and families cared for themselves. This argument set aside the middle ground, failing to consider other factors that might prove helpful and merely using the extremes. The argument is weak. While it may be true that paying lower wages can help businesses maximize their profits, there are other factors involved, like the quality of work and the productivity of workers. None. Since each point/myth was presented clearly, it was easy to see the reason for each. The writers were able to support each idea with empirical data, not relying on people's views but letting the facts speak for themselves. When the writers said that there are 1.9 million more American workers today, they failed to consider or mention the population growth of the country as compared to this data. This could be considered "statistically incorrect." No. I scanned each point made. The writers concentrated on empirical data and veered away from people's opinions or views. There were no issues concerning morality. Most issues were technical in nature. "Landlords also sometimes turn victims of domestic violence out of thei

The Success of Multiculturalism in Australia Compared to Other Parts Essay

The Success of Multiculturalism in Australia Compared to Other Parts of the World - Essay Example How well it has actually implemented in to the society is what this research plans to emphasize. In 2001, one would have that the country of Australia was a very welcoming country towards other ideas and beliefs. After all the National Olympics were held there in that year and during that whole time there was a great air of friendliness towards the large majority of ethnicities that had travelled to Australia from all around the world. One person would not have picked up on any bitterness or resentments towards other races at all. However, now in 2006 it seems those feelings have changed somewhat and there has been tension developing in the country concerning the idea of multiculturalism in its entirety (Suter 2001). Not only is this an issue, but the idea has developed that the country should offer sanctuary to refugee's seeking asylum from other parts of the globe has become a concern as well. There are a lot of Australians that are very up tight about this and aren't as welcoming of the concept as it was anticipated they would be. One such example is in the idea that Australia should provide refuge for Afghanian's wanting entrance to its borders in order to seek protection from violence and terrorism in their own country. The Australian Prime Minister has not been too fond of this thought concept and initially denied permission for one ship to land on a part of the country's territory close to the borders of Indonesia (Suter 2001). Some of the feelings of why Australia is against such an idea are the fact that they have heavy concerns of invasion from other countries. It has been found that the Parliament of Australia itself believes that once they start allowing activities such as this to take place, more and more foreigners will expect the same type of treatment and before anything would even have a chance to be implemented to prevent this from happening, the whole cou ntry would be enveloped in a tide of other multicultural people from around the world, many of whom would only be coming there for refuge. Suter (2001) details in his article that the Australians fear of invasion runs deep, and can be traced all the way back to the period of the First World War. Also, they have a fear that the Island of Australia itself will eventually become overcrowded and burdened if there is an extensive amount of foreigners continuously coming in for refugee. These are some of the most logical reasons why there is such negativity by the Austrians towards this concept of wholly allowing for multiculturalism to become a constant part of the Island. What some people around the world aren't aware of are the various policies that encircle the country of Australia. Australia was developed through an idea of imperialism and meant for only white settlers. In fact in 1901 there were many strict policy enactments that prevented any one who was non-white from being able t o enter through the Austrian border. Of course times have changed now but there is still a small part of these ideals left within the country and the people of Australia itsel

Virginia And New England Essay Example for Free

Virginia And New England Essay Virginia and New England stand out as very distinct states that experienced different historical background especially in the early period of colonization. The New England region consisted of such states of modern day Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Vermont Connecticut, New Hampshire and Maine. First European settlement in New England was in 1620 by European religious pilgrims who were fleeing Europe because of persecution. When the first settlers first came they believed the whole of North America was virgin and forested that thus the name Virginia. Jamestone was the first permanent European settlement in May 1607. (John Smith 122) Initially when the Europeans started settling in these areas they peacefully coexisted with the natives because they were few in number and posed no threat. The first tribes that controlled these areas were mainly the Algonquian tribes and had quite a different culture from the Europeans. Although the interactions thrived at first and peace prevailed, conflict bordering on land control and ownership stated increasing. (John Smith 132) In Virginia and New England the Europeans stated cultivating tobacco as a cash crop and as the demand increased more land was being cleared leading to an increased number of more settlers streaming in. There was bound to be an increased conflict between the Native Americans and the new settlers. The Native Americans depended wholly on the forested woodland as the source of food especially from hunting. As more land was being cleared to provide land for tobacco the natives could not stand it, they fought the encroachment. This would lead to the Indian massacre of 1622 and another one in 1644 against the Europeans by the Powhatan tribe. (John Smith 162) As time elapsed, by the 17th century there was an increased number of settlers who arrived from Europe in droves, on the other hand there was a serious decline of the native tribes as a result of assimilation with the general population which meant that their heritage and identity was being heavily compromised. Soon thereafter, because of the expansion of the land under tobacco, most of the land came under the control of the colonists who in turn started practicing slavery as a source of labor. The colony was under British control by 1622 ending the control by the Native Americans. (John Smith 167) Works Cited John Smith : The generall historie of Virginia, New England the Summer Isles : together with The true travels, adventures and observations, and A sea grammar Glasgow : J. MacLehose ; New York : Macmillan, 1907. P. 122-167

Teen Curfews are Ridiculous Essay Example for Free

Teen Curfews are Ridiculous Essay Earl Manning, my life-long mentor, says, Teen curfews are quite possibly the best thing ever. Teens are evil, corrupt beings and a curfew is all the world needs to cage up teen crime. Though most of Earls wise teachings are true and insightful, on this subject he is terribly mistaken. Teen curfews are not the right solution to the problem of juvenile crime because they enroach on the rights of teens and parents, are ineffective, and there are much better solutions. First of all, how can teen curfews be a good solution if they enroach on the rights of teens and their parents? Civil rights groups, such as the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) stand up for the rights of Americans as given to them by the Constitution of the United States. Teen curfews violate First Amendment rights, particularly the right to assemble. According the time line taken from Milestones in Teen Curfews in the United States, the courts agreed in 1989. U.S. District Judge Charles Richey blocked the implementation of a Washington DC curfew, essentially calling it unconstitutional. He said the ordinance would raise serious constitutional claims for teens. Curfews constitutionality was again questioned in November 1995 when the ACLU filed a lawsuit in U.S. District court. Then again in July 2000 the rights of American teens prevailed when a federal district court judge found that Indianas 1945 curfew violates the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. Advocates of juvenile rights and upholding the Constitution also make it clear that curfews invade on the rights of parents to raise their children. Laws exist to protect citizens, not suppress their basic freedoms as guaranteed by the Bill of Rights in the Constitution. A primary reason curfews are not the right solution to the problem of juvenile crime is that they are not, have not been, and will not be effective. According to the article Teen Curfews, 146 of the nations 200 largest cities now enforce teen curfews, yet juvenile crime rates nationwide remain largely higher than in the past. If teen curfews really are effective, then it would be assumed that there would be a decrease in the juvenile crime rate, or at least a maintenance of status quo. Statistics show that most juvenile crime occurs between the hours of 3 P.M. and 6 P.M.  Thus it would be fruitless to enact curfews that do not attack the problem head on. As James Alan Fox, the dean of the College of Criminal Justice at Northeastern University, says, The problem with curfew laws is that most kids, the good, the bad and the tired, are asleep at midnight. Past curfews faced these same problems. The time line shows that many cities had passed curfew laws by the 1980s, yet the juvenile violent-crime rate surges upward. Then in the 1990s there was a resurgence of teen curfews to combat juvenile crime, but according to the article the juvenile violent-crime rate.. has climbed [over the past four years], except in 1995, when curfews met resistance from the ACLU. In June 1998, a study on the impact of curfews on juvenile crime in California, released by the Justice Policy Institute, finds that curfews are more a public relations gimmick than an effective crime-fighting tool. The future of curfews looks equally grim and ineffective. According to John DiIulio Jr., a leading crime expert, The large population will give rise to a new and more vicious group of predatory street criminals than the nation has ever known. Arthur Spitzer, the legal director of the ACLU, says, I find it very hard to believe that a curfew would have any significant effect on teenagers who are selling drugs, stealing cars or carrying a gun, which DiIulio suggest is the future of American youth. In February 2000, a survey released by the National League of Cities concludes that curfews do little to reduce hard core gang activity. Lastly, there are better, more effective solutions than teen curfews. The conflict of teen curfews could be avoided all together if such actions were taken. The problem of juvenile crime should be stopped at its source, not nudged in the shoulder by curfews. There have been numerous attempts to combat juvenile crime through positive means and many have been successful. In 1936, the Police Athletic League (PAL) was founded in New York City. PAL worked effectively to give teens a positive alternative to juvenile crime. In 1953 Boys and Girls Clubs of America are established. These offer social, educational, career and leadership programs to disadvantaged youths. In 1974 the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act established the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) which gave funds to states to take on juvenile crime. With more  funding and proper management of funds, more programs could be created and those that exist could be expanded and improved. According to the article, Many say that after-school programs and organized sports leagues work to reduce crime. Alfred Blumstein, a leading criminologist, says that curfews must be augmented by community centers. However, teen curfews could be eliminated all together with the expansion of better, more effective solutions. In conclusion, juvenile crime is a pressing matter that demands action. However, the rectification of the problem must not include teen curfews. Curfews infringe on the rights guaranteed by the Constitution and are ineffective. Other solutions are much better, more effective, and eliminate the need for curfews.

Monomania Psychology Analysis: Ideal Ego and Ego Ideal

Monomania Psychology Analysis: Ideal Ego and Ego Ideal Abstract: This paper Moby Dick: Obsession, Evil and the Passion of Ignorance, argues that monomania is a passion of ignorance. It contends that this passion of ignorance is situated precisely between the ideal ego and the ego ideal. The ideal ego is the fantasy an individual has of themselves, a narcissistic illusion of completeness. It is a representation based on an image of the self fixed at the infantile period. The ego ideal is the goal of a process, a movement towards an idealized self based on internalised significant early role models, people admired and preferred in favour of the self. In monomania, the ideal ego seeks to eradicate the other, the ego ideal. This is an act of envy, an attempt to kill and steal the others good because it represents what one should be or could have been. Such an act is never conscious. It is a passion of ignorance. The saga of Captain Ahab and his obsessive desire to obliterate the Great White Whale is illustrative of this dynamic. The yearning for absolutes is a hall-mark of monomania. Monomania is a passion of ignorance and is to be found in the boundary between love and hate. It is inherently evil because it excludes and destroys reality. In monomania, ignorance functions as a parochial and universalised concept of reality, marked by a certainty and rectitude which enables the harming of others with humanitarian conviction and moral purpose. The passion of ignorance is situated precisely between the subject and the fantasy of himself. The ideal ego wishes to eradicate the other, the ego ideal, What is at the heart all psychopathological behaviour is an incapacity to communicate with aspects of the self that have, as part of the self protective mechanism of the psyche, been obscured because they are too painful to be addressed. At the time of obfuscation, the only perceived path for survival has been the isolation and dissociation of something intrinsic. Analytical psychology recognizes that there are dark recesses people carry deep within in which lurk forbidden secrets which are treated as unapproachable. These dark places and forbidden secrets are not passive, they pulsate with the presence of malignant, carnivorous forces that reek of fear and anarchy. It is no accident that the developmental arm of analytical psychology is preoccupied to the determining effects of family history, for it is in the family setting that people experience the strongest and most primitive feelings, where relationships take on their most stark and forceful forms. A persons experience within the context of family has its genesis at a time before coping mechanisms are developed, before and independent sense of security and stability has had time to consolidate. Analytical psychology understands that the individual is deeply affected by the net of past experiences. They impact on the way in which present experiences are assimilated or repressed. They determine what may be allowed to come to consciousness and what must be assigned to the unconscious. The unconscious is occasioned by a number of factors, by repression, instinctual inheritance, social conditioning and repressed trauma. It can be personal or collective. In all its aspects, the unconscious represents that part of an individuals psychic existence that is, by multiple strategies, consigned to function without conscious control. Thus analytical psychology attempts inexorably to draw one deeper and deeper into a journey of confrontation with ones self. It calls on the individual to overcome his defences, to transcend the bounds of secure systems he has established to keep full and immediate experience at bay. In the tale of Moby Dick, Ahab misuses his power, disregards the safety of his crew and the profitability of the voyage, even forfeits his own life in order to avenge himself on the whale who robbed him of his leg. He does this, all to avoid a confrontation with himself and his own vulnerabilities. The Story: The tale of Moby Dick begins with the enigmatic words of the narrator, Having little or no money in my purse, and nothing particular to interest me on shore, I thought I would sail about a little and see the watery part of the world. It is a way I have of driving off the spleen, and regulating the circulation. Whenever I find myself growing grim about the mouth; whenever it is a damp drizzly November in my soul; whenever I find myself involuntary pausing before coffin warehouses, and bringing up the rear of every funeral I meet, and especially whenever my hypos get such an upper hand of me that it requires a strong moral principle to prevent me from deliberately stepping onto the street and methodically knocking peoples hats off – then, I account it high time to get to see as soon as I can. (Melville 1992 p. 1) With these words Ishmael the story teller announces his intention to go to sea. He makes the journey to New Bedford, Massachusetts where he takes accommodation at a whalers inn, but as the inn is very full he finds himself sharing a bed with a stranger, Queequeg, a harpooner from the South Pacific. Queequeg is a cannibal from a South Sea Island. His strange physical form appears bizarre to Ishmael. He is covered in strange tattoos and apart from his alien appearance has strange habits and customs. Ishmael is terrified by the encounter but as time passes he is able to move beyond the outward exterior of Queequeg to understand that they are both men, and this strange creature from the South Seas, far from being a terrifying beast is human, and one with a particularly kind heart and generous spirit. The two men join forces and set out to seek work together as whalers. They secure work on the Pequod, a whaling vessel decked out with the bones and teeth of its victims, Peleg and Bildad, t he Pequods Quaker owners, tell them of their Captain, Ahab, who on his last voyage found that sperm whales are not defenceless victims, but creatures with teeth; Ahab has had his leg ripped from him by an enormous white whale. The hunted became the hunter and had struck back. The Pequod leaves the safety of the harbour in Nantucket on a bitterly cold Christmas Day, its crew a diverse mixture of nationalities and cultures. Days later, as the ship makes into warmer waters, Ahab finally appears on deck, balancing unsteadily on his prostheses carved from the jaw bone of a sperm whale. Ahabs intention: to pursue and kill Moby Dick, the great white whale who took his leg. To Ahab, this whale is the embodiment of evil. He must be killed and killed by Ahab. To this end he nails a gold doubloon to the mast and announces to all that the man who first sights Moby Dick will have the coin. Aboard one of these ships is a crazed prophet called Gabriel who predicts doom to all who pursue Moby Dick and the superstitious crew of the Pequod share their sea-stories of how those who hunted the whale met with ill fortune. It is not long before misfortune is seen and known by the crew. While butchering their catch, the harpooner Tashtego falls into the mouth of a dead whale which tears free of the Pequod and sinks. Queequeg dives after the drowning man, slashes into the slowly sinking head with his knife and frees the seaman. During another whale hunt, the black cabin boy Pip, jumps from a whaleboat and is left stranded at sea. He is rescued but the trauma renders him mentally disturbed. He is left mindless and uncanny, a prophetic jester onboard the ship. Still the hunt continues. One day, the Pequod encounters the whaler, the Samuel Enderby. Captain Boomer the skipper has lost an arm in a chance meeting with Moby Dick. As the two captains discuss the whale the contrast becomes evident. Boomer is happy simply to have survived his encounter, and he cannot understand Ahabs lust for vengeance. Queequeg becomes ill and asks the carpenter on board the Pequod to make him a coffin in preparation of his death but he does recover, and the coffin becomes the Pequods replacement life buoy. In expectation of finding Moby Dick, Ahab orders a harpoon to be forged and baptizes this harpoon with the blood of the Pequod harpooners, and his own. Although the Pequod is still hunting whales, it is the hunt for Moby Dick that always hangs over the life of the ship. Then, one day, Fedallah makes a prophesy regarding the death of Ahab. Ahab will see two hearses, the second made from American wood and he will be killed by hemp rope. To Ahab, this means he will not die at sea, for at sea there are no hangings and no hearses. A tropical storm encompasses the Pequod, illuminating it with electrical fire. To Ahab this is a sign of imminent confrontation and success. To Starbuck, the ships first mate, it is a bad omen and he contemplates murdering Ahab to end the obsession. The tempest ends, but then one of the sailors plummets from the ships masthead and drowns—a grave forewarning of what lies ahead. As Ahabs obsessive desire to find and destroy Moby Dick intensifies, the mad Pip becomes his constant companion. It is near the equator that Ahab expects to find Moby Dick, and it is here that the Pequod meets two whalers, the Rachel and the Delight; both have had recent fatal encounters with the Great Whale. The Captain of the Rachel pleads with Ahab to help him find his son, lost in the battle with Moby Dick, but Ahab has only one goal, to find and kill the whale. Days pass, and then, finally, Ahab sights Moby Dick. The harpoon boats are launched. Moby Dick rams Ahabs harpoon boat, destroying it but Ahab is saved by his crew. The next day, Moby Dick is sighted once more. The whale is harpooned but again, Moby dick strikes back and once again rams Ahabs boat. Fedallah is trapped in the harpoon line, is dragged overboard to his death. Starbuck saves his Captain by manoeuvring the Pequod between Ahab and the enraged beast. On the third day, the boats are launched once again and are sent after Moby Dick. The whale turns and attacks the boats, and they see that Fedallahs corpse is still lashed to the whale by the harpoon line. In the ensuing battle, Moby Dick rams the Pequod and she begins to sinks. Ahab, caught in a harpoon line, is hurled out of his whale boat to his death. The remaining whaleboats and crew are caught in the vortex of the sinking Pequod and dragged to their deaths. Ishmael, thrown from his boat at the beginning of the hunt, is the only man to survive. He floats, alone on Queequegs coffin, the only remaining flotsam from the wreckage, an isolated figure in a watery world. On the second day, a sail drew near, nearer, and picked me up at last. It was the devious-cruising Rachel that in her retracing search after her missing children, only found another orphan. (Melville 1992 p. 583) An Uncanny Tale In telling the story of Moby Dick, Melvilles narrator, Ishmael, engages in a process of repetition that brings the dead back to life. His narrator offers what appears to be a sober account of his real experience but in the recounting it is immediately evident that this experience is anything but commonplace. Melvilles combination of reality and the fantastic, the credible and the incredible, compel the reader to accept the narrative on its own terms. The tale confronts the reader with narratorial anxiety in both the telling of the tale and in the horror of its content. Melvilles narrative method exemplifies the de-familiarisation of the familiar, the domestication of terror that characterises the uncanny. Freud characterises the uncanny as that which arouses dread and horror; (Freud 1919 p. 339) it is that class of things which lead us back to what is known of the old and familiar. (Freud 1919 p.340) It is precarious, this combination of the familiar and the unfamiliar, where the opposites of the homely, customary and congenial also denote the secret that is concealed and kept from sight. (Freud 1919 p. 347) We believe we are at home in the immediate circle of beings. That which is, is familiar, reliable, ordinary. Nevertheless, the clearing is pervaded by a constant concealment in the double form of refusal and dissembling. At the bottom, the ordinary is not ordinary; it is extra-ordinary, uncanny. (Heidegger 1971 p. 53) Freud argues that one of the most anxiety-producing devices of the uncanny is the double. Freud considers the uncanniness of the double to be the effect of the egos projection of the object ‘outwardly as something foreign to itself. What is inside is experienced as coming from outside, (Freud 1919 p.358) split off and isolated through a process of repression and dissociation. The subject may identify with another to the extent that he is not sure which identity he is or he may substitute the extraneous self for his own. In the tale of Moby Dick it is this lack of difference which dominates Ahabs relationship to the whale. While Ahab may try to establish himself as a saviour, he too, deep down, is dangerous and destructive. It is this sameness that is problematic. When it becomes too obvious that the other is contained in the self, the other becomes an object for irrational hostility. In this dynamic, both the object (the whale) and the subject (Ahab) become doubles of each othe r in the psyche of the person who is enmeshed in the projection. The notion of the double always inspires the subject with dread and can be summed up as a dividing and interchanging of the ego. There is an inevitable cyclic repetition of the initial trauma. It is an inescapable loop until the doubling is concluded. Aboard ship, Ahab imposes an irresistible dictatorship in order to pursue his obsession. Moby Dick had injured him and that fact contravened Ahabs entire view of how the world should be ordered. The self-righteous, imposing Captain of the Pequod smoulders with the fires of hell. His all consuming pride and rage against the white whale blaze in the great speech before his crew where he proclaims, That inscrutable thing is chiefly what I hate; and be the white whale agent, or the white whale principal, I will wreak my hate upon him Talk to me not of blasphemy, man, Id strike the sun if it insulted me. (Melville 1992 p. 167) Ahab cannot see Moby Dick for what the great while whale is, because the reality of the animal is subsumed under the passion of Ahabs projection. But because this ‘relationship is skewed, the rest of Ahabs world suffers. Ahab has no connection to any other person or thing beyond the white whale. It is inevitable that the whale proves to be his nemesis; it is the whale that inflicts retribution and vengeance, not Ahab. The Orphan With the first sentence of Moby Dick we are confronted with the complex figure of Ishmael. The narrative begins with the words Call me Ishmael. The name has come to symbolize orphans and social outcasts but it has another aspect to it. The word literally means ‘God hears. Ishmael, according to the Hebrew Scriptures, was the first son of Abraham, born to a slave woman, Hagar because Abraham believed his wife Sarah to be infertile. But when God granted Sarah a son of her own, Ishmael and his mother were turned out of Abrahams household. Isaac inherited the birthright from Abraham. Ishmael was left to die under a bush in the wilderness by his distraught and starving mother. But in her distress she cried out and God heard her cry and the cry of the child. 15When the water in the skin was gone, she cast the child under one of the bushes. 16 And God heard the voice of the boy; and the angel of God called to Hagar from heaven, and said to her, What troubles you, Hagar? Do not be afraid; for God has heard the voice of the boy where he is. 18Come, lift up the boy and hold him fast with your hand, for I will make a great nation of him. 19Then God opened her eyes and she saw a well of water. She went, and filled the skin with water, and gave the boy a drink. 20God was with the boy, and he grew up; he lived in the wilderness, and became an expert with the bow. (Genesis 21: 15 – 20 The Bible NRSV 1988) From a Judeo-Christian perspective Ishmael was an outcast, the result of his fathers failure to believe and obey YHWHs promise to give him a son through his wife Sarah. As a consequence, Ishmael was the one repressed and rejected. But Ishmael was heard and taken care of by God. Throughout his life, Melville was preoccupied with the imagery of orphans and in particular with the character Ishmael. In Mardi he writes, But as sailors are mostly foundlings and castaways, and carry all their kith and kin in their arms and legs, there hardly ever appears any heir-at-law to claim their estate. (Melville 2004 p. 139) In Redburn, Melville writes, at last I have found myself a sort of Ishmael on the ship, without a single friend or companion. (Melville 1957 p. 60) In Pierre Melville writes, so that once more he might not feel himself driven out, an Ishmael into the desert, with no maternal Hagar to accompany him and comfort him. (Melville 1962 p. 125) Edward Edinger argues that Melville had an Ishmael complex which had two sources; personal life experience and identification with an archetypal image. (Edinger 1995 p. 23) The personal cause would be the insanity and death of his father and the ensuing hardships this caused. Melville was twelve and a half when his father died, close to the age of the biblical Ishmael who was thirteen. In addition, he was rejected by his mother, who favoured her first son. According to Arvin Newton, Melville, as an elderly man, once remarked to his niece that his mother had hated him. (Arvin 1950 p.30) The pain of his rejection is poignantly evident in the tale of Mob y Dick Most of the action is seen through the eyes of Ishmael. He will thus represent the authors ego (Edinger 1995 p. 24) Ishmael, the lone survivor of this misadventure is the story teller. At the outset of the story, Ishmael presents as one who is in pain and internal distress. He is impoverished, hostile, depressed and potentially suicidal. He heads for the sea, to Nantucket to find work on a whaler. In the past he has found sea voyages as a way of containing his internal conflict and pain. But before he can find a ship, his poverty forces him to find accommodation in a squalid inn, sharing a bed with a harpooner. When the harpooner enters the room in which Ishmael is sleeping he awakes in horror at the apparition before him, a man who appears to have just returned from the ministrations of a surgeon, his face covered with sticking plaster. But that is not the reality. The harpooner is a cannibal from the pacific, tattooed in his native islander tradition. He carries a tomahawk, a seal skin purse with the hair still attached and a shrunken head. The overall impression is alien, bizarre and terrifying to Ishmael. He watches from beneath the counterpane as the stranger uses the tomahawk as a pipe, then quietly turns into the bed with Ishmael. He is unaware of Ishmaels presence and reacts with instinctive aggression. In the fracas that follows Ishmael calls out in terror to the landlord for help. ‘Landlord! Watch! Coffin! Angels! Save me! (Melville 1992 p. 25) Peter Coffin, the landlord, soothes the moment. He introduces the men to each other and Ishmael is suddenly aware that this frightening apparition is a person, with a name. Queequeg is no longer a nameless savage, a cannibal with a shrunken head and a death dealing tomahawk. The tomahawk is also a peace pipe, and he shares the smoke from this unique instrument with Ishmael. The tomahawk-pipe has now become a symbol for both life and death, a symbol of reconciliation and peace. In this initial encounter with Queequeg a transformation is begun in Ishmael. In symbolic terms, he has embraced, in the symbolic form of Queequ eg, both death and life as indivisible partners, and when he wakes the following morning he begins to see the world from a different perspective. Ishmael understands the mixture of life and death that Queequegs tomahawk-come-pipe represents, and realizes, at least in that moment, that such experience can lead to renewal. The Obsession, Ahab demonstrates the dangers of an all consuming focus; the object of his obsession is the solitary great white whale, nicknamed Moby-Dick by the whalers. On his previous voyage, Ahab had his leg ripped off by Moby-Dick, and at the Ishmaels story begins, he has sworn to take his vengeance by hunting down and killing the great whale. It never occurs to Ahab that he lost his leg while trying to take the whales life and while in the process of killing countless other whales for monetary gain. Ahabs obsession has more to do with what Moby Dick represents than with the great whale himself. He saw Moby Dick as the prey and could not cope with the idea that he was not omnipotent in this relationship, that he was outdone by another creature. As Ahab reasons in a fiery speech to the crew of the Pequod, all visible objects are like pasteboard masks that hide some unknown but still reasoning thing. Ahab hates that inscrutable thing that hides behind the mask of appearance. The only way to figh t against it, he proclaims is to strike through the mask! Moby Dick, as a mysterious force of nature, represents the most outrageous, malevolent aspect of natures mask. To kill it, in the mind of Ahab, is to reach for and seize the unknowable truth that is hidden from all people. He cannot conceive of the concept that there is a simpler reality; he is not the master of all other species. He sees his failure to be able to take life at will as a reversal of his role as the predator and therefore can only conceive of himself now as the one preyed upon. This he cannot accept and so is driven to destroy that which in his mind denies his appropriated reality. Ahabs insane obsession and hunt for Moby Dick describes the consequences of viewing the world as a mask that hides unknowable truth. It is Ahabs frustration with the limits of human knowledge and power that lead him to reject both science and logic and instead embrace violence and the dark magic of Fedallah his demonic advisor. Like Christopher Marlowes Doctor Faustus, he has made a pact with the devil. Thinking he is immortal, Ahab attacks Moby Dick, striking at the mask of appearance that supposedly hides ultimate truth. His devotion to the idea that truth exists behind or beyond the physical world forces him to destroy himself in the attempt to reach it. Ahab can only relinquish his illusion by dying, or killing the object upon which his illusion has rested. Ahabs ideal ego, that is the fantasy he has of himself as one who is in control and omnipotent, is in the process of destroying his ego ideal, that is, his potential as man, captain and hunter. He believes he must eradicate the evil of the whale, but in reality, because he is caught in this doubling with the whale, he is intent on murdering himself. His passion of ignorance has overwhelmed his reason, blinded him to his own creative potential. All that is left is the passion and it knows no reason People thus reduced inflict the traumatic pain of their void on others. The evil they engender is not just about destruction but emerges from the chaotic principle of pure drive which has loss at its centre and therefore must occasion more loss. The important point is not that the symbolism of what Ahab lost, but the symbolism of the loss itself. Revenge is only sought when there has been a great loss, a loss that is seen to embody an injustice, and an injustice imposed by an enemy over whom victory should have been assured. Ahab lost his leg to a beast, an inferior creature. His quest for revenge could just as easily have been instituted by the loss of an arm, a child, or a father. The loss implies inferiority to a foe that is deemed to be unworthy of such a victory. Revenge becomes obsession because only with revenge can the world become again that which supports the adopted perception of order. For Ahab, revenge can only be perceived as the re-imposition of superiority and ascenda ncy. It is the adoption of this delusional sense of what order is, that gives rise to the monomania that attends a thirst for revenge. Ahabs loss of limb is immediate and it is personal but despite losing a leg he can still walk, he can still captain, he can still go on a whaleboat and harpoon. It is the greater loss which is the mechanism standing behind the driving revenge and his monomaniacal pursuit of it. As if to be human is forever to be prey to turning your corner of the human race, hence perhaps all of it, into some new species of the genus of humanity, for the better or for the worse. (Cavell 1998 p.154) For this reason Ahab must inflate the object of his revenge and recreate it as something larger in context. To accomplish this, Ahab must imbue Moby Dick massive power, power beyond comprehension. By placing the capacity of evil upon the whale, Ahab can fool himself into thinking that Moby Dick is a greater being than he really is and therefore his own loss appears greater than it really is. For Ahab, the delusion attendant to the psychosis of revenge suppresses the reality that he is merely a man bent on attempting to restore his lost sense of superiority. This reality is replaced with a grandiose vision of one who is a redeemer for humanity. But it is not humanity Ahab is attempting to redeem; it is his own inflated ego whose ascendancy has been usurped. By imputing to Moby-Dick a demonic power he does not really possess Ahab, blinds himself to any reality of what Moby Dick actually is, to any real strength and intelligence that the whale possesses. This blindness springs not from mere ignorance, but from a consciously willed ignorance, from the desire not to know, from the ambition not to understand. In order to sustain his delusional conception of himself, he must appoint concomitant distortion to the world which surrounds him, and particularly to the object of his obsession. Ahab desperately wants Moby Dick to be inscrutable. He wants him to be a thing that is incapable of being understood, because that enables him to categorize his nemesis as sheer evil. Therefore he is compelled to refuse any effort at understanding and it is this iron-willed ambition to remain ignorant, to label this thing as ultimate evil that generates the ironic twist whereby Ahab himself becomes the ultimate danger, the evil which he imagines he is seeking to eradicate. It is Ahab who causes the complete destruction of all that surrounds him. Evil and the Passion of Ignorance Ahab desires to attach to Moby Dick all the evil that exists in the world. Moby Dick is a creation of his infantile envious omnipotent sadistic phantasies. Ahab himself identifies the ultimately personal source of what he sees as a universal evil when he says, It was Moby-Dick that dismasted me; Moby-Dick that brought me to this dead stump I stand on now it was that accursed white whale that razeed me; made a poor pegging lubber of me for ever and a day! (Melville 1992 p.166). Moby Dick took away Ahabs ability to literally stand on his own two feet. The loss of his leg can also be seen as a symbolic emasculation and that symbolism is made all the more apparent by the fact that Ahabs quest is for a sperm whale. Moby-Dick contains sperm; Ahab does not. In his quest for revenge, all of Ahabs creative potential is voided because he cannot accept that there is a reality that is greater and stronger than himself. It is in the attempt to deny the reality and existence of that which surpasses him that he divorces himself from his own creative life potential. Captain Ahab is both the psychotic parent in command of the infant and the infant overwhelmed with his own omnipotent phantasy. In the tale of Moby Dick, Herman Melville created a character whose motives of vengeance typify the behaviour of a psychotic person. Captain Ahab, in his delusion, could not allow Moby Dick to share the same space in his paranoid and infantile world. Ahab experienced the loss of his leg as a lethal wound that was potentially reparable only by a copy-cat act of vengeance taken upon the alleged guilty Moby Dick. That intangible malignity which has been there from the beginning Ahab did not fall down and worship it, but deliriously transferring its idea to the abhorred white whale, he pitted himself, all mutilated, against it He piled upon the whales hump the sum of all the general rage and hate felt by his whole race from Adam down; and then as if his chest had been a mortar, he burst his hot hearts shell upon. (Melville 1991 p. 187) We Cannibals must help these poor Christians. The relationship between Ishmael and Queequeg is the antithesis of the relationship between Ahab and Moby Dick. Ishmael and Queequeg develop a relationship that is based on the recognition of their dissimilarity and separateness. Ahab and Moby Dick are joined together by Ahabs projection and obsession. With Queequeg and Ishmael, the difference is something to be explored. The relationship between Queequeg and Ishmael has a germ of creativity; that between Ahab and Moby Dick is founded on destruction and butchery. The initial encounter between Queequeg and Ishmael provokes both terror and aggression. The landlord intervenes, calming the situation and bringing them both to an awareness of the necessity of living alongside of each other. This generates a realisation in both Ishmael and Queequeg that they are both men despite the visual and cultural dissimilarities. As time passes and conversation is enjoined, they begin to comprehend both their differences and their commonly shared objectives. According to the customs of Queequegs home, Ishmael and Queequeg are married after a social smoke out of the tomahawk pipe. Queequeg gives Ishmael half of his belongings, and the two men continue to share a bed. The tattooed body of Queequeg is much like the patchwork quilt that covers them both as they sleep. These tattoos are a written narrative of the universe but no one, save the prophet who inscribed them can decipher their meaning, not even Queequeg. And this tattooing had been the work of a departed prophet and seer of his island, who, by those hieroglyphic marks, had written out on his body a complete theory of the heavens and the earth, and a mystical treatise on the art of attaining truth; so that Queequeg in his own proper person was a riddle to unfold; a wondrous work in one volume; but whose mysteries not even himself could read, though his own live heart beat against them; and these mysteries were therefore destined in the end to moulder away with the living parchment whereon they were inscribed, and so be unsolved to the last.(Melville 1992 p. 491) For Ishmael, Queequeg represents the dangerous and the forbidden for which Ishmael secretly yearns. Queequeg also symbolizes the explorative and adventurous aspect of Ishmaels personality. Once Ishmael recognizes this, his fears lessen and he embraces the savage into his life. Ishmaels initial hostility to Queequeg is a projection of the suppression of a part of his own personality. Exotic and unique, Queequeg represents the unknown. Ishmael is able to recognise this, to admit it, and to realise that his fear is due to ignorance. With this awareness comes the further realisation that he, Ishmael, must travel to the sea in order to gain life experience by exploring and embracing the unknown. The friendship between the two men, although troubled by prejudice and slow to develop into a full understanding of one anothers character, is solidified with their ‘marriage contract. They effectively become one person, illustrating the full integration of Queequegs otherness into Ishmaels personality. At the end of the book, Ishmael survives because of Queequegs coffin. In accordance with their marriage contract, Queequeg offers Ishmael protection from the sea-hawks, sharks and sea in the form of his coffin. In turn, Ishmael carries on Queequegs spirit, carved into the wood of the coffin. Queequeg represents that part of Ishmael which

homelessness Essay -- essays research papers

All over America, there are people wandering the streets without a home. These individuals are seen as a crowd, a separate collective existence. They are called the homeless, as if that defines who they are, but we too often neglect to add the unspoken word in that title: people. It seems today that the more fortunate citizens of America who have a roof over their heads have forgotten their innate responsibility to watch over those in this world whom are incapable of caring for themselves. Tragically, â€Å"thirty to fifty percent of the homeless have severe mental illnesses† (Torrey 1). These individuals live life in such a way that few people in this world could possibly even begin to compare their hardships. The fact that they survive completely independently, most without the medication they need, is bewildering. The problems resulting from the lack of attention given to the homeless who are mentally ill can be solved through the establishment of better health clinics, an d stricter laws involving patient care. If more clinics were to be established specializing in the mental health of the homeless, then the attention could be given to them that they need. E. Fuller Torrey, author of â€Å"The Homeless Mentally Ill Should Be Forced To Receive Treatment† describes the habits and reasons for the incredible amount of mentally ill homeless: â€Å"They sleep, importune strangers, gesture to imaginary accomplices, shout angrily at the wind, forage through cans, and sit quietly with glazed ey...

Those Winter Sundays :: essays research papers

"Those Winter Sundays" by Robert Hayden is a poem about a how the author is recalling how his father would wake up early on Sundays, a day which is usually a reserved as a day of rest by many, to fix a fire for his family. The mood of this poem is a bit sad. It portrays a father, who deeply cares for his family but doesn't seem to show it by emotions, words, or touching. It also describes a home that isn't very warm in feelings as well as the title" Those Winter Sundays" The author describes the father as being a hard worker, in the line "†¦with cracked hands that ached from labor in the weekday†¦", but still even on Sundays--the day of rest, the father works at home to make sure the house is warm for his family. The "blueblack cold described in the poem is now warmed by a father's love. This poem describes the author reminiscing what did not seem obvious at the time, the great love of his father, and the author's regretting to thank his father for all that he did. "Sex without Love" is a poem by Sharon Old, who states in the opening line "How do they do it, the ones who make love without love?" It starts out with judging those, who have sex outside of having feeling for one another. It describes the sex in the third line as without feeling more as a techniques, which is describe "beautiful as dancers.. over each other like ice skaters." Sex without love to the author is described more as an act, which is performed instead of two people in love, who sex is in love not because of the act but instead of the love of the person. The author seems to climax in the literal sense at line nine : come to the Come to the †¦ then God comes in picture after the act is done. Judgment and sin is the mood of this poem of how two people can commit an act of a heart and soul without disappointed God. "Schizophrenia", the poem by Jim Stevens is a poem that begins the opening with "It was the house that suffered most" . Most how think about how difficult it would be for the member of a family dealing with a family member, who has the condition of Schizophrenia.

Stereotyping in The Way We Lie by Stephanie Ericsson Essay -- stereoty

In the essay The Way We Lie, Stephanie Ericsson writes that â€Å"All the ‘isms’-racism, sexism, ageism, et al.-are founded on and fueled by the stereotype and the clichà ©, which are lies of exaggeration, omission, and ignorance. They are always dangerous. They take a single tree and make it a landscape.† This quote is important due to the fact that stereotypes play a major role in many aspects of our society. In American society we have a tendency to pass judgment on people just because of a pre-existing stereotype that our society has formed on particular groups over the years. American Society tends to create stereotypes because of the simplicity it adds to our lives, but stereotypes can cause us to oversimplify the characteristics of others, encourage prejudice, and can even create many more severe dangers. Everyday we experience stereotyping in one way or another. Over the years stereotyping has become such a large part of our society that it is a vital part of our everyday communication. It has caused many of us to not really think about who a person really is, or what they are about, but to accept instead a certain stereotype that has already been created by our society and given to an individual. Stephanie Ericsson makes an excellent point in her essay when she says â€Å"they take a single tree, and make it into a landscape.† The statement she was trying to make by saying this is that many times, a stereotype is made by an individual because of something done by one particular person in a certain group, but is then given to the whole group as a result. Our society has given a stereotype to practically every form of human being out there. Some examples of this are the blond that is said to be dumb, the kid with glasse... ...ypes. These crimes are called â€Å"hate crimes†, and are directed towards a particular individual not because of something he or she has done, but simply because of the group they belong to. Hundreds of innocent people die each year due to a title that was created for them. Because of a stereotype that some other individual somewhere in our society created, and decided certain individuals belong, and should be hated for, innocent people in our society end up being killed. It is not fair for innocent people to die. Nor is it even fair for any individual to have to walk down the street, knowing that they are hated because of something that is beyond their control. Whether it be their skin color, hair color, appearance, or the way they walk, it can be a stereotypical characteristic that creates the risk of being judged by another individual, or perhaps even killed.

Budget Request: Hiring New Officers in the Community Essay

1. Include at least two (2) robust justifications for hiring new police officers. The justification should anticipate the key questions that the chief executive and council will likely ask. a. If this request is the result of an increased workload, how quickly did the workload increase? Could the increased workload be covered by part-time employees or by shifting employees from another area? b. How long have you known this need was developing? Was the manager previously briefed on the growing workload? c. If the request is not funded, what impact will it have on the department? On citizens? (Hint: If your request is not funded this year, managers often look to see if a request is repeatedly put forward to gauge its urgency. ) The present police force include thirty uniformed officers, there is an immediate need to hire three to five more officers. The many of the citizens in this city have observed crime in the downtown area is rising rapidly. With a population of over 75,000 residents in the community, I strongly encourage increasing our police force to offset of crime rate in the community. For every police office there are 2500 citizens at that ratio we are definitely under manned. The budget while important cannot be the determining factor. Our officers must know that we support them as a department and want them to be apart of their families lives. Much of the data from my department show no increase of crime rate however we cannot substaine control of this amount of population without adding to the force. With many veterans returning home from the wars we should be able to get qualified applicants. When hiring these types of talents there will be less money in the training of the individual and more concentration on the duty of the officer saving the community more money. This request will be justified as an increase in crime and workload has increased over the years, the crime and workload has risen moderately over the six year period we never hired new officers and now seems like a great time to contain the problem. The increased workload and crime increase will have to be covered by three full time employees and two part time employees. This need has been developing since the year of 2006 when the economy seemed to be going into an economic depression, when people began losing their jobs crime increased and the workload for the officers went up as well because they were handling situations they were not accustomed to such as counseling families and being mentors to children whose parents were working to help with the ever rising gas and food prices. The manager was informed of the changes in the workload and bought it to my attention that something has to be done or we will lose business in the area due to crime and on other factors. If the request is not funded this will have a major impact on the department the public will no longer believe we are here to protect them just to satisfy a fiscal budget that is drawn up every year. People in the communities will then feel as though they will have to take the law into their own hands causing turmoil within the communities. My second justification citizen appreciation and safety, hiring the new officers will show citizens that we put their public safety knowing that our budget will not be balanced. Analysis executed by the statistical department forecast and increase done by my team and the increase in the population is what prompts us to request for the hiring of new officers. Community policing is required in each community by officers hired through the state this type of policing promotes structural strategies, which provides the officers with partnerships and problem-solving skills, that will deter crime and social disorder. The safeties of each citizen will the number one concern citizens should feel safe walking home from school, the movies or even walking to their dogs. This justification of hiring new officers will just make people feel safer, when they see our patrol cars covering their areas, and also when they see our officers in their local school protecting their kids from any type of violence or verbal assaults. This year we are seeing the biggest increase in retirees, our senior officers are retiring this is also a factor in our need to hire new officers. The first objection would be that after doing the analysis of 911 response calls and hands-on activities of the officer do we really need more fficers? The officers are very efficient and they exceed all of their goals that are placed before them currently. With crime rate at in the community at six year low, why do we need these officers? With the hiring of these new officers the demand for overtime pay with the existing officers will decrease. Overtime cost the department a significant amount it also puts a mental strain on the officers. Financing of the new officer packaging will come fr om those decreases. Another objection proposed revenue for salaries where does it come from? We are going to approve a parcel tax that would give the city millions of dollars to hire more police officers? Will there also be a program in place where the community participates in helping the officers with crime control? If this is put in to place then there will not be a need to higher new officers because this will cut down on cost. Not many citizens oppose hiring five new police officers because of the immediate benefit to morale of the city and police department. One objection is proper allocation of funds throughout the force. With the addition al officers being added on the force their will be additional arrests, court appointed lawyers assigned to the case, and over populated jails. Each of the benefits lead to an increase of fines and revenue collections by the judicial courts. Prevention is the key when thinking of arrests and jail numbers; with the increase in police officers there will be an increase in costs within the community and state trickling to the federal government as well. The cost of equipment replacement and repair could play a role in the investment of new officers. If there is an increase in officers within the community what guarantees that the rate of crime in the downtown area will decrease? There are other areas within the state that has an increase in crime would these officers be beneficial for all areas or just the intended areas? Will the citizens of the city have to worry about a tax hike to pay for these officers? These are very relevant questions that should be answered only to protect the citizens within the community. In conclusion the budget request definitely points towards the hiring of the officers, more than one hundred percent of the money goes to creating jobs. Job creation is very important to the community because it provides family stability. There is funding in the federal government that includes grants if you are hiring police officers and the COPS Hiring Program (CHP) this program has awarded 111 million dollars in grant money to help with the hiring of police officers. (http://www. cops. usdoj. gov/Default. asp? Item=2367). With the increase of crime increasing within the community there is much need for the new officers to be hired our number one goal is to protect the people of the community and state. Police officers are here to suppress the fear of crime and also to decrease the rate of crime. There are many factors that are covered by the federal government when funding each state with enough funding for police enforcement. The federal government uses these funds to initiate activities that combat violence in local communities, including $25 million for the Community- Based Violence Prevention Initiatives that aim to reduce gun and other violence among youth gangs in cities and towns across the country.

Alcoholism is a chronic disease Essay

drunkenness is a progressive and chronic affection that entangles arrogant inebriation, using inebriant even though it de coloureds problems, having physical dependence with intoxi bourninatetic crapulence, or having secession symptoms when unmatched tries to cut vertebral column or way station eat intoxi nominatetic beverageic beverage. One commode have a problem with intoxicant and non have it progressed to drunkenness. That is c all in alled problem inebriety which means i topes similarly practically causing repeated problem in their life. check to the Mayo Clinic (2012), binge insobriety is a pattern where a masculine consumes five or more drinks in a row, or a effeminate drinks at least(prenominal) four drinks in a row. Binge drinking nookie lead to the same wellness risks associated with insobriety (Mayo, 2012). Not beingness able to midriff drinking or cut back and denying you have a problem is a few of the things that come with dipsomani a Criteria for wet drinkism based on the DSM V ar an exclusive touch oning any cardinal of the eleven criteria during the same twelve calendar month period.Examples of these criteria include a persistent go for or defeated efforts to cut pop up or curb inebriant do, liking or strong desire or urge to use intoxicant, and important complaisant, occupational or recreational activities be accustomed up or cut down be case of alcoholic beverage use (NIH, 2013b). As for ICD criteria, an individual m experiencediness experience certain criteria as well. ICD criteria contract an individual to experience third or more of the criteria get a widering together for at least 1 month or if slight than 1 month, occurring together repeatedly deep down a 12-month period. Examples of these criteria include Difficulties in compulsory drinking in terms of onset, termination, or levels of use drinking in big piths or e trulyplace a long-dated period than intended or a per sistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to reduce or control drinking, enquire for significantly add-on amounts of alcohol to chance upon intoxication or desired heart or markedly diminished return with continued use of the same amount of alcohol, or Important alternative plea sure as shootings or interests presumptuousness up or reduced because of drinking (Hasin, 2013).According to the article, intoxicant spending and crabmeat Risk (2011), there is a dramatic link amidst alcohol and crabby mortal. Heavy alcohol consumption ( 4 drinks/ daytime) is significantly associated with an increased risk of slightly 5-fold for ad-lib and pharyngeal crabmeat and esoph developal squamous cell carcinoma, 2.5-fold for laryngeal cancer, 50% for colorectal and breast cancers, and 30% for pancreatic cancer (Pelucchi, Tramacere,Boffetta, Negri, & Vecchia, 2011). Evidence proves that even one drink per day increases the risk for pharyngeal or vocal cancer by 20% and 30% for esoph histor ic periodal squamous cell carcinoma. thorax cancer has an increased risk of situation with three to six drinks a week. When an individual exposes themselves to both alcohol and tobacco, there is a greater increase in viva voce and pharyngeal cancer risk. alcohol as well as causes an increase in head and love cancer when it is apply alone ( non apply in conjunction with tobacco). Restricting alcohol to limits indicated by the European Code Against Cancer would avoid nearly 90% of alcohol-attri andable cancers and cancer deaths in men and e genuinelyplace 50% of cancers in women (Pelucchi, Tramacere, Boffetta, Negri, & Vecchia, 2011). This article tins great license of excessive alcohol being conjugated to march on health risks for individuals who indulge over the recommended amounts. A soul suffering from drunkenness has umpteen outer appearance changes throughout their life. Someone suffering from alcohol sezession whitethorn experience nausea, sweating, hand tremors , opthalmic hallucinations, or seizures. These argon all truly common symptoms associated when an alcohol dependent somebody goes through pulling out. Not only do these physical symptoms occur, but psychological symptoms withal occur. Examples of psychological symptoms include depression, anxiety, irritability, rest slightness, or insomnia. two the physical and psychological symptoms can be overt from an outsiders perspective.An alcohol dependent person whitethorn non experience withdrawal symptoms if they argon fetching in enough alcohol on a daily basis that meet their required deals to feel well. though they may not have the withdrawal symptoms, they do have physically visible symptoms from their excessive alcohol inlet. Symptoms include facial essence bolshy/flushing of the skin, xerosis, dull skin tone, follicular hyperkeratosis, gingivitis, tooth decay, black hairy tongue, and weight gain. The about common though include drying up of the skin and bloating in t he abdomen or face (Drink Aware, 2014). Drinking too a good deal alcohol deprives the skin from important vitamins and nutrients. oer time, losing these nutrients from excessive drinking can cause permanent damage from frequent flushing and redness of the skin. Facial and abdominal bloating occurs when the person experiences dehydration from the excess about of alcohol intake (Drink Aware, 2014).Prevalence of life-time alcoholuse by age and gender interpret was account by the subject constitute on inebriant demoralize and alcoholic drinkism (2013c) males age 18-24- 70% and women 55%, males age 25-34- 82% and women 65%, males age 35-44- 82% and women 63%, males age 45-55- 80% and women 55%, and males age 55 + 71% and women 39% (NIH, 2013c). According to the data from the National domicile Survey, more or less Americans had at least one drink of alcohol by easy adolescence. Among men, 70% to 83% reported consuming alcohol on at least one occasion during their life senten ce, as compared to 39% to 66% of women. The prevalence direct of lifetime alcohol use among men is highest among those senior(a) 25 to 55 and lowest among the 18 to 24 and 55 or erstwhile(a) age groups. Similar findings were found for women, although they reported lower rates than men. The rate of lifetime alcohol was lowest among women ages 55 or older. The largest gender difference was noted among the 55 years or older age group, with males drinking more.The smallest gender difference was between 18 to 24 years old (NIH, 2013c). alcoholic drinkism results from the complex interaction of genetic, social, and environmental factors. Alcohol has widespread cause on the brain and can discover nerve cells, brain chemistry, and contrast flow within the frontal lobes. Neurotransmitters are affected by long use of alcohol. Neurotransmitters are released when alcohol is consumed, which produce euphoria and a virtuoso of well-being. Chronic exposure of the brain to alcohol is thoug ht to result in long-term adaptive changes that initially produce increased reinforcement for alcohol use and over time progress to withdrawal and negative affective states, so that regular alcohol use is required to feel ordinary (Chung & Pittman, 2013) Being dependent on alcohol is often associated with psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, depression, or PTSD. Genetic factors are believed to course a role in alcohol demoralise.The New York Times (2013), believe the amygdala, disassemble in the brain responsible for unequivocal cravings, has been reported to be smaller in individuals with family history of potomania (TNYT, 2013). at that place are as well as many social and environmental factors that contribute to the development of alcohol abuse or tipsiness. at that place are pack marketing of alcohol on television, billboards, and bluster stations. Marketing tends to increase the number of alcohol sales and in turn increase chance of alcohol abuse among ind ividuals. many young individuals are pressured by friends or even family to begin drinking at a young age. Drinking at a young age greatly increaseschances of that individual to suffer from drinking in the near future. During the general assessment of a person suffering from alcoholism, the trifle is to counterbalance fulfill accurate data regarding their drinking patterns.The take must pick out the question, Do you sometimes drink beer, wine, or new(prenominal) alcoholic beverages? If the person states yes, then(prenominal) the nurse asks How many times in the past(a) year have you had five or more drinks in a day? This go away encourage the nurse gather important data regarding excessive alcohol consumption. The next step is to tell the patient to decrease the amount of alcohol that is being consumed since the chance of It is similarly important to ask about their life style, family, and relationships. The person may be experiencing depression or anxiety if they have lost family support because of their addiction. If this person is experiencing withdrawal symptoms during the assessment, the nurse should plan to provide comfort measures for this patient. The patient may besides be very agitated, embarrassed, or not level headed, since alcohol has these effects on an individual.By simply looking at the patients appearance, the nurse should be able to mark if the alcohol has caused further damage to the bes organs. For example, if the liver is failing, the person may experience jaundice. Focusing the assessment nigh the use of the alcohol and effects it has on his or her life exit be of most concern. The patient should have a full lab workup to determine if further damage has occurred to this patients health. The nurse can also provide trance resources for help, such as AA meetings, rehab, or family counseling, which will be beneficial for the patient. Drinking too much can take a serious toll on ones health. Alcohol can affect a person brain , heart, liver, pancreas, immune agreement, and can increase the risk for cancer.According to the National land on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (2013a), alcohol interferes with the brains communication pathways. These disruptions can change whim and behavior. These changes can also make it harder to guess clearly and move with coordination (NIH, 2013a). The heart can be affected with cardiomyopathy which is stint and drooping of heart muscle. Arrhythmias, stroke, and high railway line pressure can also occur from over using alcohol. Research by the NIH (2013a), alcohol can inflame the liver and cause steatosis or fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, fibrosis, and or cirrhosis. The pancreas produces toxic substances that can eventually lead to pancreatitis (NIH, 2013a). Pancreatitis is inflammation andswelling of the blood vessels in the pancreas that prevents proper digestion. The immune system is weakened. Chronic drinkers are more apparent to contract diseases like pneumonia and tuberculosis than bulk who dont drink.Chronic alcohol consumption increases risk for cancers such as mouth, esophagus, throat, liver, and breast Alcohol pharmacokinetics includes absorption, distribution, and metabolism. After oral absorption, alcohol is absorbed from the duodenum by diffusion (Ramchandani, 2009). The rate depends on the volume of alcohol consumed (the less concentrated the slower rate of absorption), rate of drinking ( smart you drink the faster the absorption), food, and gastric metabolism. The distribution of alcohol is into tote up body water. There are also gender differences in body. Women have a lower proportion in natural body water compared to men. Metabolism of alcohol occurs primarily in the liver in a two-step process. As researched by Ramchandani (2009), the first step, alcohol is oxidized to ethanal by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase or ADH. In the second step, acetaldehyde is converted to acetate by the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase.Then the re is alcohol pharmacodynamics (Ramchandani, 2009). Alcohol is a CNS depressant. Its stimulatory effects result from depression of inhibitory control mechanisms in the brain. Characteristic responses to alcohol include euphoria, impaired thought processes and decreased mechanic efficiency. More than just a adulterate is needed for the treatment of alcoholism. Alcoholism counselors, social workers, psychologists, and family therapists are a few new(prenominal)(a)s that may be involved. There are three stages in treating alcoholism. The first is to make sure the person is medically stabilized. Next, they must sustain a detoxification process which is then followed by long-term abstinence and rehabilitation.According to Cunha (2012), the most common medication in treating alcoholism is disulfiram (Antabuse). It interferes with alcohol metabolism resulting in a metabolite that makes the person nauseated and very uncomfortable when consuming alcohol (Cunha, 2012). If they fire taki ng this they can implant a device under the skin so they have to continuously take it without the emancipation of being able to stop it. otherwise medications used are naltrexone (ReVia), acamprosate (Campral) and a kinfolk of antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (Cunha, 2012). Alcohol withdrawal is treated by oral or IV hydration along with medications. According to Cunha (2012), the most commonmedication groups used in treating alcohol withdrawal symptoms are benzodiazepines, which include lorazepam (Ativan), diazepam (Valium), and chlordizepoxide (Librium) (Cunha, 2012). every person that is being treated for alcoholism should also receive antiberiberi factor (vitamin B1). The thiamine levels are usually low and if privation occurs it could lead to Wernickes encephalopathy.The detoxification stage involves filet the alcohol consumption. This usually occurs in an yard bird setting and will require drawn-out support. The medication will be given and then tapered off until no withdrawal symptoms are evident. This process lasts a few days to a week. replenishment can be either a short term or long term residential program. These help those who are more severely dependent and need the help to develop skills not to drink and to work on ways to help them from relapsing. Short term programs are less than four weeks long where long term programs can last for a month to a year or more. There are also several potent individual treatments delivered by professional counselors in outpatient treatment clinics. These treatments include twelve-step facilitation therapy, motivational sweetening therapy, and cognitive- behavioral coping skills.There are also self-help programs which are Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), women for sobriety, intellectual Recovery, and SMART recovery (Cunha, 2012). These allow alcoholics to stop drinking and remain sober on their own. In conclusion, alcoholism is a very serious condition that sadly many peo ple face in the instauration. There any many means of destiny these patients, but only if the individual wants the assistance. at once the person is so alcohol dependent, they are in a state of defence mechanism and think that nothing is wrong with their habit, but the earlier we get them to understand their problems then the easier it is to help them through it. Alcoholism is not only a terrible disease itself, but it also leads to many other deadly diseases and illnesses.The first priority to make a difference in the world is to educate the youth about alcohol, which will hopefully decrease the rates of alcoholism occurrences in the future. The effects of alcoholism which are physical and psychological can cause many problems that affect a persons life in all aspects. Alcohol alters ones brain, muscles, digestion process, and other disorders that affect ones health. It also can cause depression or changes in behavior that result in problems with their family, friends, and with themselves.ReferencesChung, P. & Pittman, J. (2013). Epocrates Online. Alcohol Abuse. Retrieved fromhttps//online.epocrates.com/noFrame/showPage.do?method=diseases&MonographId=198&ActiveSectionId=24Cunha, J. (2012). E Medicine Health. Alcoholism. Retrieved from http//www.emedicinehealth.com/alcoholism/page8_em.htmDrink Aware.(2014).Health Effects of Alcohol. Alcohol Dependence. Retrieved fromhttps//www.drinkaware.co.uk/check-the-facts/health-effects-of-alcohol/mental-health/alcohol-dependenceHasin, D. (2013). National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Classification of Alcohol intent Disorders. Retrieved from http//pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh27-1/5-17.htm Mayo Clinic Staff. (2012). Alcoholism. Retrieved fromhttp//www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alcoholism/basics/ exposition/CON-20020866) National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIH). (2013a). Alcohols Effects on the Body. http//www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/alcohols-effects-body National Instit ute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (NIH). (2013b). Alcohol Use Disorder.Retrieved from http//pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/dsmfactsheet/dsmfact.pdf National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIH). (2013c). Epidemiology of Alcohol. Problems in the United States. Module 1. Retrieved fromhttp//pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/Social/Module1Epidemiology/Module1.html Pelucchi, C., Tramacere, I., Boffetta, P., Negri, E., & Vecchia, C. (2011). Alcohol Consumption and Cancer Risk. Nutrition & Cancer, 63(7), 983-990. inside10.1080/01635581.2011.596642.